
Balloon Dilatation: pulmonary balloons are fitted for the airway segment and inflatedusing a contrast medium under fluoroscopic assistance to re-expand the compressed area.
Tracheobronchial Stent Placement: hollow metal alloy stents are deployed under fluoroscopic assistance to support patency due to in-growth of tumor or extrinsic compression.
Covered stents may also be employed to seal trachea-esophageal fistulas.